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Velocity

Manuel Menezes

Knowing that, on the one hand, the capture, conquest and domestication of space has always constituted an object of human endeavour and, on the other hand, that the necessary wetware to transpose the same has hardly evolved since the paleolithical period, an attempt will be made to signal the way in which, using technical resources, this experience has been accelerating and, as a consequence of this, we are led to the “disappearance” of space and time as tangible dimensions of life.

Keywords: Lévi-Strauss; culture; nature; risk and modernity




Research into archaic societies may constitute a precious starting point for the understanding of the historical manner in which human beings have been relating to experience. As such, and as far as this issue is concerned, it is the case that for many thousands of years humans relied on anthropomorphic strategies (cubit, palm of the hand, foot, thumb) to measure distances, strategies which were moulded on the assertion of the Greek Protagoras for whom “man is the measure of all things”. This was the period in which, in accordance with the dichotomy established by Claude Lévi-Strauss[1], cold societies (archaic) predominated which, in finding themselves “outside history” (as such simply because it had escaped them), blended a mythical and magical thinking where: (i) change was not valued, or that is, functioning as a watch, it produced little entropy is so far as it would periodically return to the point of equilibrium which would end up reproducing a stable and harmonious pattern to inherited forms; (ii) Art, as an expression of language (signs of represented objects) of the social group, was produced and consumed collectively with the final purpose of establishing order. With the gradual distancing of human beings from nature and the consequent path towards culture, they would give way to hot societies (modern) mediated by scientific thinking and knowledge, societies where, on the one hand, rapid changes and innovation were extolled since they simulated steam engines, producing their energy from a constant oscillation between order and imbalance (entropy), i..e moving “within history”, more dynamically emphasising the power and progress inherent in technological innovation; on the other hand, as far as Art was concerned, this, given its essentially mimetic nature (mirror-image of the represented object), was “losing” the dimension of its meaning, and individualised through consumption, becoming valued as appropriation and the possession of objects.

Having stated this, it is of interest to add that aims at control/domestication[2] mainly, but not only, from the modern State, have not occurred alongside the use of subjective modes, uncertain regarding their anthropomorphic sequestration and, in this sense, have required the transmutation[3] of an opaque, obscure space, in a space which, free of the accidental, may on the one hand, be objectively measured [4] and, on the other, rapidly modified. That is, conquest and subsequent control have simultaneously presupposed the objectification of space and the destruction of barriers, which were inherently resistant to their modification (the flattening of space) through the reduction of distances. Not ignoring the fact that their extension is found strictly dependent on velocity, the need felt to accelerate the rhythm of experience can easily be understood, with it being possible to thus affirm that “modernity grew under the stars of acceleration and the conquest of lands, and these stars form a constellation which contains all the information regarding their character, conduct and destiny” (Zygmunt Bauman, 2000: 131)[5]. In this sense, in so far as the means of human/animal locomotion (wetware) were giving place to ever faster technical vehicles (hardware), there was a gradual emancipation of time (flexible element) in relation to space (fixed element), that is, the former was annihilated by the latter and, with this, a compression and, as a result, a progressive shrinking of the world occurred (David Harvey, 1996)[6], to the point where it is possible to affirm the almost complete elimination of the differences between wild/archaic spaces and civilised spaces. Stated in another manner, at first glance, space appears to have lost the importance which it previously had, due to the improvement in the performance of transport, transmission and tele-activity, which has problematised the notion of the journey[7], to create a lessening of the topographical dimension. That is, with the predominance of the “non-place of velocity” faced with the “place”, “... geographical localisation appears to have definitively lost its strategic value and, in contrast, this same value is attributed to the non-localisation of the vector, of a vector in permanent movement, and whether aerial, spatial or subterranean being of little importance, with only the velocity of the moving and the non detectability of its path being important” (Paul Virilio, 1977: 124)[8].

The apparent reduction of the importance of space should not however make us forget that velocity, given its differentiated access (a privilege of some), polarises the human condition. Thus explaining, despite what is “in constant movement” (even if physically at rest), establishing a permanent mark in actual experience, it is also true that not everything moves at the same velocity -  indeed, the contrary. Thus, as undesired consequences of the process, it can on the one hand be mentioned that capital, transporting with it only hand baggage, travels light (unlimited mobility), but work, however, remains fixed, but no longer possesses its former solidity (restricted mobility). On the other hand, knowing equally that the degree of mobility is different according to the position occupied by the individual in the stratification or, if we prefer, according to if he/she is a tourist, i.e. globalised rich, or a vagabond, that is, localised poor, we can easily conclude that the “technological annihilation of distances”, at the same time as “emancipating human beings from territorial restrictions”, “lays bare the land, on which others continue to be confined” (Zygmunt Bauman, 1998: 25; cf. 2000).



[1] Seeking to clarify some of the misconceptions caused by this distinction, Lévi-Strauss stated “it does not postulate, between societies, a difference of nature, does not place them in separate categories, but refers to the subjective attitudes which societies adopt towards history, and the varying manners in which they conceive it. Some cherish the dream of remaining just as they imagine having been created at the beginning of time. It is clear that they are wrong: those societies will not escape more from history than those - such as ours - which are not repelled by the awareness of being historical, finding thus the idea that with history they meet the engine of their development. No society can thus be said to be absolutely “cold” or “hot”. These are technical notions, and concrete societies through the passage of time move from one sense to the other, on an axis where they never fully reach the extremes “(1998:108); cf. Claude Lévi-Strauss (1998). Lévi-Strauss nos 90, Voltas ao Passado (Returns to the Past). In Mana: Estudos de Antropologia Social (Studies in Social Anthropology), vol. 4, no. 2. Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, pp. 107-117.

[2] For an analysis of the Panopticon  as a strategy for the conquest and vigilance of space, on the one hand, and the disciplining of the body, on the other, cf. Michel Foucault (1975). Vigiar e Punir. Nascimento da Prisão, (Surveiller et Punir, Naissance de la Prison), Rio de Janeiro, Editora Vozes (1993), 277 pp.

[3] Of note is that control objectives a priori presuppose a plastic space, i.e. mouldable to the desires of the controllers. It is a posteriori presupposed that this is mostly shown to be complex.

[4] In covering the Earth with a grid (the first examples of which are to be found in Renaissance maps), Geography and Geodesy only wished to measure it “to control or appropriate it”, projecting lines and geodesies on it, to make it known, and thus free of danger” (Bragança de Miranda, 2002: 158); cf. Bragança de Miranda (2002). Teoria da Cultura (Theory of Culture). Lisboa, Edições Século XXI, 230 pp.

[5] Zygmunt Bauman (2000). Modernidade Líquida (Liquid Modernity). Rio de Janeiro, Jorge Zahar Editor (2001), 258 pp.

[6] David Harvey (1996). Condição Pós Moderna (Postmodern Condition). São Paulo, Loyola, 349 pp.

[7] It is interesting to note that when journey time is reduced to zero “that which moves at a velocity which approximates to the electronic signal is practically free of restrictions related to the territory from which it left, to which it is directed or is crossing “ (Zygmunt Bauman, 1998: 63); cf. Zygmunt Bauman (1998) Globalização: As Consequências Humanas (or. Globalization: The Human Consequences). Rio de Janeiro, Jorge Zahar Editor (1999), 141 pp.

[8] Paul Virilio (1977). Velocidade e Política (or. Vitesse et Polítique). São Paulo, Estação Liberdade (1997), 137 pp.

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